The black smoke is characteristic of a free-running turbo. Cars with turbos - especially race cars that don't have catalysts/emission controls and a long exhaust pipe - can make smoke (and flame on overrun) too. Video explains things. There are devices to minimize smoke; they essentially limit the rate at which fuel is increased as the turbo spools up. These days, smoke control is handled in the electronic engine control, but more exotic things were seen in the past, such as dashpots to limit the rate at which the throttle could be opened. To minimize smoke, diesels must run with excess air.

GEs tend to be smoky on spool-up too, at least the older ones without electronic fuel injection. Some, now, may have geared turbos too. EMD turbos seem to be less smoke-prone (when operating correctly), possibly because they have the turbo geared to the engine up to mid-rpms (need that to make the 2-stroke cycle work) so there's less chance of them running with grossly excess fuel. Unless (anybody remember whether early turbos did this?) some had the turbo AND a Roots Blower.

Non-blown (4-stroke) diesels can be smoky too, but they tend to do it at the high end of the rev range where the airflow drawn by engine vacuum can't quite keep up with the fuel. Many older non-turbo road diesels did that (my old VW was an example - smoke screen at the governor, but visually clean otherwise). A Mercedes engineer in those days was supposedly quoted as saying that if it's not smoking it's not making all the power it can (speaking of a 240D that might, on a good day, produce 75hp [g}). Which is also the way the coal rollers do it: tweak the injection so there's excess fuel at all times.