There are some of these in the US.
FL9 - same power on diesel or electric - electric for short distances on 3rd rail only.
DM30AC - same concept as FL9 for LIRR but modernized. Slightly more hp on diesel than electric.
P32AC-DM - same concept as FL9 for Metro North. Much more power/higher speed on diesel.
ALP-45DP - same concept as FL9 for NJT. Much more power & higher speed on ELECTRIC than on diesel.
And assorted older/oddball models. Interestingly, one of the oldest diesels was a 3-power (diesel, battery, 3rd-rail electric) switcher used in NYC. Most have limited speed/power on electric due to using 600 VDC 3rd rail on approaches to NY stations - newer models in that territory do much better on diesel than on electric. The NJT locomotives have more power on electric because they operate on the NE Corridor with 25kvAC catenary.
The concept exists elsewhere. It's uncommon due to cost and complication. Sometimes called "
electrodiesel." Not something you'd see on high speed lines.