Re: Thank you, M.Harris! etc....
George:
I wish there was a simple answer to your questions. Load factor (also known in past years as Safety factor) calculation is complicated. To be as simple as I can in explaining this, around 1950 the dead load factor was 1.3 and live load factor was 2.17, generally speaking, for load bearing structures. In recent years design has moved to Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), in which each type of load gets a different factor depending on the reliability of the design information (known strength of steel from testing, load tests on foundation members as construction progresses, level of inspections, certifications, types of field tests performed, etc. In simple terms, greater certainty about how the structure is going to be built can allow a smaller factor of safety in design. This ends up meaning there is no single common number for bridges, since there are many variables that go into the number calculation. Much of this is beyond my current level of practice, so if you would like more technical bases for the explanation, there is a good reference here:
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